| Leucocoprinus birnbaumii | |
|---|---|
| Leucocoprinus birnbaumii in flowerpot | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Basidiomycota |
| Class: | Agaricomycetes |
| Order: | Agaricales |
| Family: | Agaricaceae |
| Genus: | Leucocoprinus |
| Species: | L. birnbaumii |
| Binomial name | |
| Leucocoprinus birnbaumii (Corda) Singer (1962) |
|
| Synonyms[1] | |
|
Species synonymy
|
|
Leucocoprinus birnbaumii is a species of gilled mushroom in the family Agaricaceae. It is common in the tropics and subtropics, but in temperate regions frequently occurs in hothouses and flowerpots, hence its common names of plantpot dapperling and flowerpot parasol. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are poisonous, if consumed.
| Leucocoprinus birnbaumii | |
|---|---|
| Mycological characteristics | |
| gills on hymenium | |
|
cap is ovate or campanulate |
|
| hymenium is free | |
| stipe has a ring | |
| spore print is white | |
| ecology is saprotrophic | |
| edibility: poisonous | |
Contents |
The species was first published as Agaricus luteus by the Yorkshire mycologist James Bolton who described and illustrated it from a pine-stove (pineapple hothouse) near Halifax in 1785.[2] Unfortunately, the name A. luteus had already been published for a different fungus, making Bolton's A. luteus illegitimate. Nonetheless, many popular North American books continued to use the name Lepiota lutea until the 1980s.[3][4] In 1839 Czech mycologist August Corda described the same species from Prague where it was found growing in a greenhouse by a garden inspector named Birnbaum, hence the epithet birnbaumii.[5]
In the UK, Leucocoprinus birnbaumii has been given the recommended common name of "plantpot dapperling".[6] In North America, it has also been called the "yellow parasol",[3] "flowerpot parasol",[3] "yellow houseplant mushroom",[7] "lemon-yellow lepiota",[4] or "yellow pleated parasol".[8]
Fruit bodies of Leucocoprinus birnbaumii are agaricoid (mushroom-shaped) and occur singly or in small clumps. All parts are bright, pale sulphur-yellow, but fade with age. When young, the cap is usually taller than broad, later becoming convex and around 20–60 mm (1–2.5 in) across. The cap surface is smooth but dotted with fine, easily detached scales, and often develops shallow, radial grooves near the margin. The gills are free (not attached to the stem) and are covered by a partial veil when young, which ruptures to leave a fragile, evanescent ring on the stem. Microscopically, the species is distinguished by its thick-walled, ellipsoid spores that are dextrinoid, have a germ pore, and measure around 8–12 by 5–9 μm.[9]
Leucocoprinus straminellus is a similar, slightly paler (sometimes entirely whitish) species that may also occasionally appear in hothouses and plantpots in temperate regions. It is best distinguished microscopically by its smaller spores that lack a germ pore.[9] Leucocoprinus flavescens, described from North America, is also small-spored and has a yellowish cap with a brownish centre.[10] Leucocoprinus sulphurellus is a yellow species that occurs in the Caribbean area, but has gills that bruise bright blue-green.[5]
Like all Leucocoprinus species, L. birnbaumii is a saprotroph, living on very decayed plant matter (humus or compost). The fungus is common throughout the tropics and subtropics, extending into warmer parts of the temperate zones. Rarely, it appears in cooler areas, fruit bodies having been recorded as far north as England,[11] but these seem to be temporary introductions. In the temperate zones (including North America, Europe, and Australia) it is more commonly found in hothouses and plant pots.[7][12]
Fruit bodies of Leucocoprinus birnbaumii are poisonous if consumed, causing significant stomach problems.[13][12]
The yellow pigment in the fruit bodies comes from novel alkaloid compounds that have been dubbed "birnbaumins".[14]